Human Trafficking Global Issues Research - 2113 Words

Human Trafficking Global Issues Research Paper 22 April 2016 Professor Owens Ashlyn Dumas Abstract: Human Trafficking is something that goes around all over the world. In this essay I will discuss what human trafficking is, how it is done and give three countries who are mainly known for this kind of inhuman act. The three countries are countries that are vey much known and are known as Bangladesh, Brazil and Ghana. All three countries are known for tourism so human trafficking is expected to be in act, especially if its over populated and having different people from different countries coming in and out. Human Trafficking is not something that should be promoted or celebrated and should be put to a stop. It is not fair for people to be taken against their will from their families and friends. Men, women, and even kids are being taken, so a person should never just think they’re special if not caught they are blessed instead. Human trafficking is sickening and a disgrace to every nation and country possible. Introduction: Human trafficking is very inhuman and violates a persons human rights. Human trafficking can be defined as recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, by threat and the use of force and other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or position of vulnerability, giving or receiving payments, benefits to achieve the consent of a person, having control over another human being, andShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking : An Evolving Global Phenomenon1719 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking is an evolving global phenomenon that lacks adequate attention and information. The global issue has been around for many years, but it has been hidden and kept a secret by so many who knew it was going on. Today, there are â€Å"approximately 800,000 people trafficked across international borders† and many more trafficked from state to state (Richards 155). 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Nursing And Health Care Administrator - 1103 Words

Giving Nurses More Respect For Sara P. Thomas Nursing and Health Care Administrator Benson Mathew Nursing Student Irving, TX January 4, 2015 1200 Indy Circle Irving, TX 75060 January 04, 2015 Sara P. Thomas Nursing and Health Care Administrator 1901 North MacArthur Boulevard Irving, TX 75061 Dear Mrs. Thomas: This is my report for Giving Nurses More Respect I ve learned a lot about all the work that nurses do in hospitals while researching for this report. Ive made some good points in my report that I think can persuade you into helping the working environment for nurses be better. Thank you for taking the time to look at this. Nurse’s jobs in hospitals are very tough. People don’t realize all that†¦show more content†¦I am asking you Mrs. Thomas to make a change in the hospital environment before its too late. With your help, we can help to put a stop to the abuse that they have to face and acknowledge them for their work. Respect should be given to them. It was a pleasure of mine to work on this report and would appreciate feedback. If you have any questions, you can reach me at 469-449-8853 or email me at b.mathew23@Gmail.com Sincerely, Benson Mathew Benson Mathew INTRODUCTION DATA SECTION Reasons for shortage How nurses are treated Shortage of nurses charts CONCLUSION Summary and Recommendation WORK CITED Introduction A major problem our nurses face today is the lack or respect that they are given. Patients, doctors, administrators, and even coworkers don’t treat nurses with the respect they deserve. They are looked down upon for the work they do when nurses actually do most of the work in hospitals. They treat, care, and attend to every need of the patient which is a very difficult task to do in a hospital environment. There is a shortage of nurses in America and being treated unfairly is a big reason. I am asking Susan P. Thomas, as the Nursing and Health Care Administrator nationwide to work to put an end to this injustice. Nurses are lacking respect and appreciation for the work they do. Data Section The lack of appreciation, combined with stress and burnout from an emotionally draining, time-consuming job, leave nurses wanting to

Terri Schiavo Free Essays

string(34) " disagreements were denied by Mr\." Nurs 2500: Ethical, Legal and Moral aspects of Nursing School of Advanced Nursing Education The University of The West Indies Melissa Balbosa Craigwell 811005170 Biography of Terri Schiavo On the 25th February 1990, 26-year-old Terri Schiavo suffered severe brain damage when her heart stopped for five minutes. In June of 1990, Michael Schiavo, Terri’s husband, was appointed her plenary guardian by the courts. In September of 1993, Michael Schiavo authorized the nursing home she resides in to write a DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) order for Terri. We will write a custom essay sample on Terri Schiavo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Schiavo spent the following years in rehabilitation centers and nursing homes but never regained higher brain function. In 1998 her husband, Michael Schiavo, filed a legal petition to have Schiavo’s feeding tube removed, saying that his wife had told him before her medical crisis that she would not want to be artificially kept alive in such a situation. Terri Schiavo’s parents, Bob and Mary Schindler, fought this request. Florida judge George W. Greer ruled in 2000 that Schiavo was â€Å"beyond all doubt† in a persistent vegetative state and that her husband could discontinue life support. But as legal appeals in the case continued, the case became widely known as some religious groups and pro-life activists began to insist that Schiavo should be kept alive. Schiavo’s feeding tube was removed in 2003, but reinserted six days later when the Florida legislature passed â€Å"Terri’s Law,† which allowed the state’s governor to issue a stay in such cases. The law was later ruled invalid by the courts. At this time, there may also have appeared to be a conflict of interest, as Michael had two children with a long-term girlfriend. In March of 2005 Schiavo’s feeding tube was again removed, and the case became a greater public sensation when the U. S. Congress was called into special emergency session to pass a bill allowing federal courts to review the case, with President George W. Bush flying from Texas to Washington especially to sign the bill into law. However, federal judges and the U. S. Supreme Court refused to intervene. After two weeks without food and water, Schiavo died of dehydration on the 31st March 2005 at the age of 41. Some the ethical issues involved in this case include; autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence, justice, religious views – Roman Catholic – sanctity of life, no advance directives, Terri’s pre incapacitation verbal comments, and conflict of interest (familial, financial and institutional). The patient had severe brain damage. This followed a history of a sudden collapse secondary to cardiac arrest which resulted in prolonged cerebral hypoxia. She was diagnosed as being in a persistent vegetative state. Prognosis for patients in this state is poor. This condition is deemed to be chronic and irreversible. The goal of treatment is to alleviate pain and suffering. The probability of success cannot truly be determined as the patient is unable to communicate. In this case rehabilitative efforts were found to be unsuccessful, and a court order was issued for life support to be ended. The patient benefits from medical care through treatment that alleviates any pain or distress. Nursing care also seeks to alleviate pain and distress through palliative care which seeks to provide comfort and maintain dignity. Harm is avoided when there are no conscious efforts to hasten or prolong death. Terri Schiavo was not mentally capable and, therefore, not legally competent. The evidence of her incapacity lay in her inability to communicate. Buchanan 2004, stated that legal competence is specific to the task at hand. It requires the mental capacities to reason and deliberate, hold appropriate values and goals, appreciate one’s circumstances, understand information one is given and communicate a choice. If the patient were found to be competent, then according to Michael Schiavo, she would be asking for treatment to be withheld and ongoing treatment to be withdrawn. A patient’s ability to self-govern is grounded in cognition (Fine, 2005). So, assuming she had the mental capacity to make her own decisions, her autonomy would have been respected and her decision upheld by the legal system. As a part of informed consent, all information would have been given to the patient concerning benefits and risks specific to her circumstances. She would have voluntarily indicated her understanding of treatment options available and given her consent in a written or oral form or possibly by some type of implied behaviour. In her incapacitated state, the appropriate surrogate should, by moral and ethical standards be her husband Michael Schiavo and indeed, he was her court appointed guardian. Butts and Rich (2008) defines a surrogate as a court appointed individual who has the authority to make decisions on behalf of the patient. The question as to whether Mr. Schiavo used appropriate standards in his decision making can be measured against the principles for proxy decisions with incompetent patients as set out by Olick (2001). These principles in relation to Terri Schiavo say that competent patients have a right to refuse life sustaining treatment, and he testified in court that prior to her collapse she verbalized that she did not wish to live like that, to be a burden to anyone. Incompetent patients have the same rights they are, however, exercised differently. No right is absolute, instances in which a patient’s right to refuse life support is outweighed by societal interests is rare, this case was one of those rare instances. Withholding and withdrawing treatments from a terminally ill or permanently unconscious patient, does not constitute killing or assisted suicide. Terri was not diagnosed to be either terminally ill or permanently unconscious. A subjective standard of implementing the patient’s wishes should have been used, and it was. It is recorded that the patient while competent clearly made her wishes known through informal conversations with several individuals, including her husband. There were no advance directives to rely on for guidance in this case. Local processes of review in the clinical setting in order to facilitate the resolution of disagreements were denied by Mr. You read "Terri Schiavo" in category "Essay examples" Schiavo, therefore, recourse to the courts which should have been rare were frequent. This analysis indicates that appropriate standards for decision making were utilized. Whether they were adequately utilized can be debated. Advance directives, as discussed by Butts and Rich (2008), include the use of formal, written legal documents, which may take one of three forms; a living will, a medical care directive or a durable power of attorney. None of these, however, were used to express the patient’s preferences. Terri had been medically assessed to be in a persistent vegetative state, with no higher brain function. In this state, it was judged that she would have been unable to cooperate with medical treatment. To say that she may have been unwilling would be denying her medical diagnosis, suggesting that she did have the higher brain power necessary to choose between quality and quantity of life. In summary, I do not believe that the patient’s right to choose was being respected to the extent possible in ethics and in law. This is reflected in the absence of compliance with several of the principles for proxy decisions. These would be; the attempt to enable her to express her wishes, respecting society’s interest for the continuation of life support, facilitating patient review to determine capacity and competence and finally not withholding and not withdrawing treatment from a patient who was not terminally ill or permanently unconscious. The New England Journal of Medicine (1994) discusses the prospect of return to a normal life with treatment. ‘Therapy aimed at reversing the persistent vegetative state has not been successful. There have been occasional reports of a benefit from dopamine agonists or dextroamphetamine, but the benefit has been modest at best, direct electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation, nonspecific thalamic nuclei, or dorsal columns has been attempted experimentally in patients in a vegetative state, with claims of recovered consciousness in a few instances. The quality of the recovered state was not described in detail, however, and these approaches remain experimental. Overall, there is no published evidence that coma sensory stimulation improves the clinical outcome in patients in a persistent vegetative state. It continues to note that ’If the decision is to treat the patient aggressively, diligent medical treatment and nursing care are required to prevent and treat the complications that are likely or inevitable in states of severe brain damage. The survival of patients in a persistent vegetative state is, to some degree, related to the quality and int ensity of the medical treatment and nursing care that they receive. Preventive care is foremost. Daily exercises in a range of movements slow the formation of limb contractures, which otherwise become particularly severe in patients in a persistent vegetative state. Daily skin care and frequent repositioning of the patient prevent decubitus ulcers. A tracheostomy may be required to maintain airway patency and prevent aspiration pneumonia. Bladder and bowel care is desirable for hygienic reasons. Since pulmonary and urinary tract infections are common, appropriate monitoring and, if necessary, treatment with antibiotics are required. Placement of nasogastric, gastrostomy, or jejunostomy feeding tubes is usually necessary to maintain adequate nutrition and hydration. ‘The outcome probability at 12 months was determined in patients who remained in a vegetative state at 3 months and at 6 months. In addition, the probability of functional recovery was determined for two possible outcomes: good recovery or recovery with moderate disability, and recovery with severe disability. On the basis of these probabilities, a persistent vegetative state can be judged to be permanent 12 months after a traumatic injury in adults and children; recovery after this time is exceedingly rare and almost always involves a severe disability. In adults and children with nontraumatic injuries, a persistent vegetative state can be considered to be permanent after three months; recovery does occur, but it is rare and at best associated with moderate or severe disability. ’ NEJM (1994) ‘Patients with a good recovery have the capacity to resume normal occupational and social activities, although there may be minor physical or mental deficits or symptoms. Patients with moderate disability are independent and can resume almost all activities of daily living. They are disabled to the extent that they can no longer participate in a variety of social and work activities. Patients with severe disability are no longer capable of engaging in most previous personal, social, and work activities. Such patients have limited communication skills and abnormal behavioral and emotional responses. They are partially or totally dependent on assistance from others in performing the activities of daily living. ’ NEJM (1994) A bias does exist, according to Viswanathan et al. (2012), a reporting bias is the difference between reported and unreported findings. This would have made a big difference to the results obtained from any form of continuous assessments at the hospice. Based on the very minimal treatment options chosen by Michael Schiavo, reflective in a refusal to allow physiotherapy, oral hygiene or antibiotic administration, we may deduce that a continuation of life, with contractures, infections and poor dental state would be undesirable. There was a plan to discontinue life support by having her feeding tube removed. There was also a DNR order in place. The reason for both of these actions was to prevent prolongation of her death. The documentation suggests that there were plans for palliative care, as Butts and Rich (2008) points out that palliative care includes the choice to forego, withhold or to withdraw treatment, it also includes DNR orders. Palliative care does not hasten or prolong death, but provides relief from pain and suffering and maintains dignity in the dying experience. Michael Schiavo had a long-term girlfriend, with whom he had fathered two children, according to Funaro (2007). There may have existed a conflict of interest in balancing the affairs of his new family with the needs of his wife. He claimed that a part of him had moved, yet he still oved his wife so much that he was willing to fight to carry out her wishes. This conflict may have had an influence on his decisions. Provider issues that may have influenced treatment decisions, lie in the fact that the institution in which Terri was being cared for was one in which end-of-life management was carried out. The treatment provided by t he hospice staff would only have recommended palliative care. Are there financial and economic factors? Yes. Fine (2005) tells us that ‘Families may bankrupt themselves caring for patients in a persistent vegetative state, at which point Medicaid steps in. Medical costs are the leading factor in bankruptcy. her parents objected to her being supported by government funds. The hospice caring for Terri Schiavo provided $9. 5 million of charity care to patients in the past year. Another question of distributive justice relates to insurance. Can a society that cannot find enough resources to insure the 44 million persons (25% of whom are children) with no government or private health insurance really afford to maintain patients in a persistent vegetative state at a cost of $40,000 to $100,000 each per year? The lack of health insurance costs lives. According to the Institute of Medicine, 18,000 deaths per year are directly attributable to a lack of health insurance. ’ Terri Schiavo had been a devout Roman Catholic, Lynn (2005) this religion upholds the sanctity of life. It was difficult for her parents to believe that she would not have wanted to hold on to life at all costs. They questioned whether Terri would have wanted to be starved to death. Their’s and by extension Terri’s prior existence was a culture of life. There are limits on confidentiality, the incompetent patient still has a right to privacy and confidentiality. This right should be upheld by the legal guardian. Treatment decisions are largely affected by the laws that govern options for patients to be able to choose to accept or refuse care, and for legal guardians to make decisions on their behalf when they are not able to. A great deal of clinical teaching and research is involved on an ongoing basis. It brings about new information and better ways of managing conditions. Yes there was a conflict of interest on the part of the institution. Lynn (2005) ‘regulations generally prohibit a hospice from taking a patient who is not terminally ill and expected to live longer than six months to a year. But Felos was chairman of the board of directors of the hospice at the time, according to the non-profit’s annual reports, and was likely able to arrange for her admission. He subsequently stepped down from the post. ’ George Felos was Michael Schiavo’s attorney. The committee’s specific findings related to this case are as follows; ‘decisions near the end of life, whether to maintain a treatment that may not be beneficial or to withdraw or withhold a life-sustaining treatment, should be effectively handled in the majority of cases by the primary treatment team. Ethics consultations are available and can be particularly valuable in cases of uncertainty or conflict. Palliative care consultations are available in cases of uncertainty or when needed to help manage complex symptoms, including physical, psychological, social, and spiritual suffering. Such suffering is often at the root of many an apparent conflict, and when the suffering is properly addressed, the conflict resolves. When these efforts fail to resolve conflict over decisions near the end of life, the rule of law suggests that the conflict be resolved in a court and not in legislative deliberations for a single patient. At the end of all of the medical, legal, and ethical argument, it is most important to remember that no matter how certain any of us may be of our analysis, decisions near the end of life should never be easy. We must remind ourselves that true wisdom comes with the acknowledgment of uncertainty and admitting that we cannot know all there is to know. This uncertainty is neither an excuse to engage in endless moral relativism or to engage in intellectual nihilism, refusing to search for the best possible solution or the least terrible outcome for a troubling moral problem. ’ Fine (2005). In light of the above discussions, with heavy emphasis on the seven principles for proxy decisions with incompetent patients, the committee has decided against the removal of the feeding tube. The rationale for this decision, lies mainly in the fact that these principles were not upheld as best as they could have been. As shown in the above discourse, a thorough attempt had not been made to closely follow these principles. As such, the committee recommends that the feeding tube not be removed. In conclusion, there is no traditional moral obligation to provide non-beneficial treatments based upon the classic goals of medicine, which are, according to Hippocrates, â€Å"the complete removal of the distress of the sick, the alleviation of the more violent diseases, and the refusal to undertake to cure cases in which disease has already won mastery, knowing that everything is not possible to medicine†. There is a traditional duty to relieve suffering, nicely restated by Sir William Osler 1849-1919: â€Å"To cure sometimes, to relieve often, to comfort always. † References Author unknown, 2004, Terri Schiavo Biography (Medical Patient), J R Soc Med; 97(9): 415–420. PMCID: PMC1079581, retrieved from www. infoplease. com/biography/var/terrischiavo. html Fine, R. , 2005, From Quinlan to Schiavo: medical, ethical, and legal issues in severe brain injury, retrieved from www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov †º †¦ Funaro, S. 007, Why didn’t Michael Schiavo seek a divorce? , retrieved from www. legalzoom. com/planning-your-estate/living-wills/why-didn Lynn, D. 2005, Life and Death Tug of War-The Whole Terri Schiavo Story, retrieved from www. wnd. com/2005/03/29516/ – 115k, Published: 03/24/2005 at 1:00 AM New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, Medical Aspects of the Persistent Vegetative State, N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1572-1579 DOI: 10. 1056/NEJM199406023302206, ret rieved from www. nejm. org/doi/full/10. 1056/NEJM199406023302206 Olick, R. S. 2001. Taking advance directives seriously: Prospective autonomy and decisions near the end of life. Washington, DC: Georgetown university Press, p. 30. Viswanathan M, Ansari MT, Berkman ND, Chang S, Hartling L, McPheeters LM, Santaguida PL, Shamliyan T, Singh K, Tsertsvadze A, Treadwell JR. , 2012, Assessing the Risk of Bias of Individual Studies in Systematic Reviews of Health Care Intervention, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Methods Guide for Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, retrieved from effectivehealthcare. ahrq. gov/index. cfm/search-for-guides-rev – 148k How to cite Terri Schiavo, Essay examples

Karl Marx (1958 words) Essay Example For Students

Karl Marx (1958 words) Essay Karl MarxannonKarl Marx was the greatest thinker and philosopher of his time. His viewson life and the social structure of his time revolutionized the way inwhich people think. He created an opportunity for the lower class to riseabove the aristocrats and failed due to the creation of the middle class. Despite this failure, he was still a great political leader and set thebasis of Communism in Russia. His life contributed to the way people thinktoday, and because of him people are more open to suggestion and arequicker to create ideas on political issues. Karl Heinrich Marx was born May 5th, 1818 in Trier. Although hehad three other siblings, all sisters, he was the favorite child to hisfather, Heinrich. His mother, a Dutch Jewess named Henrietta Pressburg,had no interest in Karls intellectual side during his life. His fatherwas a Jewish lawyer, and before his death in 1838, converted his family toChristianity to preserve his job with the Prussian state. When Heinrichsmother died, he no longer felt he had an obligation to his religion, thushelping him in the decision in turning to Christianity. Karls childhood was a happy and care-free one. His parents had agood relationship and it help set Karl in the right direction. His‘splendid natural gifts awakened in his father the hope that they wouldone day be used in the service of humanity, whilst his mother declared himto be a child of fortune in whose hands everything would go well. (Thestory of his life, Mehring, page 2)In High school Karl stood out among the crowd. When asked to writea report on How to choose a profession he took a different approach. Hetook the angle in which most interested him, by saying that there was noway to choose a profession, but because of circumstances one is placed inan occupation. A person with a aristocratic background is more likely tohave a higher role in society as apposed to someone from a much poorerbackground. While at Bonn at the age of eighteen he got engaged to Jenny vonWestphalen, daughter of the upperclassmen Ludwig von Westphalen. She wasthe childhood friend of Marxs oldest sister, Sophie. The engagement was asecret one, meaning they got engaged without asking permission of Jennysparents. Heinrich Marx was uneasy about this but before long the consentwas given. Karls school life other than his marks is unknown. He never spokeof his friends as a youth, and no one has ever came to speak of himthrough his life. He left high school in August of 1835 to go on to theUniversity of Bonn in the fall of the same year to study law. His fatherwanted him to be a lawyer much like himself but when Karls recklessuniversity life was getting in the way after a year Heinrich transferredhim to Berlin. Also, he did not go to most lectures, and showed littleinterest in what was to be learned. Karls reckless ways were nottolerated at Berlin, a more conservative college without the mischievousways of the other universities. While at Berlin, Marx became part of the group known as the YongHegelians. The group was organized in part due to the philosophy teacherHegel that taught from 1818 to his death. The teachings of Hegel shapedthe way the school thought towards most things. Those who studied Hegeland his ideals were known as the Young Hegelians. Hegel spoke of thedevelopment and evolution of the mind and of ideas. Although Karl wasyounger than most in the group, he was recognized for his intellectualability and became the focus of the group. While at Berlin He came tobelieve that all the various sciences and philosophies were part of oneoverarching, which, when completed, which would give a true and totalpicture of the universe and man. (Communist Manifesto, Marx (Francis B. Randal), page 15) Marx was an atheist, and believed that science andphilosophy would prove everything. Thus he had no belief in a god of anytype. Marx believed that Hegel must have been an atheist as well becauseof his strong belief in the mind. The Effects Of Video Games On The Heart EssayIn the second part Marx discusses the importance of Communism, andif private property is abolished, class distinctions will be as well. Thesecond part also stresses the importance of the necessity of theproletariat and bourgeoisie being common and the level of class being thesame. The third part critiques other social ideas of the modern day. Thefinal and fourth part discussed the differences between his politicalissues as apposed to those of the other oppositonal parties. This partends in bold capital letters WORKINGMEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!The days of November 1850 fall almost exactly in the middle ofMarxs life and they represent, not only externally, an important turningpoint in his lifes work. Marx himself was keenly aware of this and Englesperhaps even more so. (The Story of his life, Mehring, page 208) Living inpolitical exile his life changed. His ideas were no longer followed likethey once were. His isolation from the general public provided a new lightin his life. Then, in 1855, his only son died. His son showed much potential,and was the life of the family. When he died, Jenny became very sick withanxiety, and Marx himself became very depressed. He wrote to Engles Thehouse seems empty and deserted since the boy died. He was its life andsoul. It is impossible to describe how much we miss him all of the time. Ihave suffered all sorts of misfortunes but now I know what real misfortuneis. (The Story of his Life, Mehring, page 247)After the Communist League disbanded in 1852 Marx tried to createanother organization much like it. Then, in 1862 the First Internationalwas established in London. Marx was the leader. He made the inauguralspeech and governed the work of the governing body of the International. When the International declined, Marx recommended moving it to the UnitedStates. The ending of the International in 1878 took much out of Marx, andmade him withdraw from his work; much like the ending of the CommunistLeague had done. This time, it was for good. The last ten years of his life is known as a slow death. This isbecause the last eight years many medical problems affected his life. Inthe autumn of 1873 he was inflected by apoplexy which effected his brainwhich made him incapable of work and any desire to write. After weeks oftreatment in Manchester, he recovered fully. He controlled the demise ofhis health. Instead of relaxing in his old age he went back to work on hisown studies. His late nights and early mornings decreased his health inthe last few years of his life. In January of 1883, after the death of hisdaughter Jenny, he suffered from Bronchitis and made it almost impossibleto swallow. The next month a tumor developed in his lung and soonmanifested into his death on March 14, 1883. Although Marxs influence was not great during his life, after hisdeath his works grew with the strength of the working class. His ideas andtheories became known as Marxism, and has been used to shape the ideas ofmost European and Asian countries. The strength of the Proletariat hasbeen due to the work of Marx. His ideals formed government known asCommunism. Although he was never a rich man, his knowledge has been richin importance for the struggle of the working class. Himelfarb, Alexander and C. James Richardson. Sociology for Canadians:Images of society. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryderson Limited, 1991Mehring, F, Karl Marx, The story of his life, London: Butler and Tannerltd., 1936Marx, K, The Communist Manifesto, Germany: J. E. Burghard, 1848Karl Marx. Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. Cd-Rom. Microsoft Corp.,1993-1995Vesaey, G. and P. Foulkes. Collins dictionary of Philosophy. London:British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, 1990